{"id":648730,"date":"2025-01-24T14:00:35","date_gmt":"2025-01-24T13:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/?p=648730"},"modified":"2025-02-25T12:58:06","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T11:58:06","slug":"efektivni-rizeni-rizika-s-vyuzitim-volatility-a-technickych-indikatoru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/cs\/efektivni-rizeni-rizika-s-vyuzitim-volatility-a-technickych-indikatoru\/","title":{"rendered":"Efektivn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed rizika s vyu\u017eit\u00edm volatility a technick\u00fdch indik\u00e1tor\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>\u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed na trz\u00edch vy\u017eaduje nejen schopnost spr\u00e1vn\u011b analyzovat tr\u017en\u00ed situaci, ale tak\u00e9 pevn\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed rizika. Strategie, kterou si dnes pop\u00ed\u0161eme, kombinuje dva kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy: vyu\u017eit\u00ed historick\u00e9 volatility v pipech a technick\u00e9 indik\u00e1tory pro ur\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru trhu, co\u017e obchodn\u00edk\u016fm umo\u017e\u0148uje efektivn\u011b spravovat riziko a zvy\u0161ovat pravd\u011bpodobnost \u00fasp\u011bchu.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladem strategie je p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed Stop Lossu (SL) na z\u00e1klad\u011b pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 denn\u00ed volatility, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se minimalizuje riziko aktivace SL b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi tr\u017en\u00edmi v\u00fdkyvy. Abychom v\u0161ak zajistili, \u017ee obchody budou otev\u0159eny ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m sm\u011bru, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me kombinaci <a href=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/cs\/technicka-analyza-v-cem-je-kouzlo-rsi\/\">indik\u00e1toru RSI<\/a> pro identifikaci p\u0159ekoupen\u00fdch a p\u0159eprodan\u00fdch z\u00f3n a <a href=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/cs\/technicka-analyza-proc-jsou-klouzave-prumery-tak-oblibene\/\">klouzav\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f (MA)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/trader.ftmo.com\/start-challenge?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=banner&amp;utm_campaign=RSI+MA+volatility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-608253 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Get-100-000-banner-CZ.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"950\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Get-100-000-banner-CZ.jpg 950w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Get-100-000-banner-CZ-300x41.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Get-100-000-banner-CZ-768x105.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Get-100-000-banner-CZ-705x96.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>D\u00edky t\u011bmto prvk\u016fm strategie poskytuje obchodn\u00edk\u016fm n\u00e1stroj pro denn\u00ed obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed i st\u0159edn\u011bdob\u00e9 spekulace, kde je kladen d\u016fraz na ochranu kapit\u00e1lu, precizn\u00ed na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed vstup\u016f a dosa\u017een\u00ed konzistentn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/p>\n<h2>Pou\u017eit\u00ed indik\u00e1tor\u016f pro ur\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru<\/h2>\n<h3>Indik\u00e1tor \u010d. 1: RSI<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>RSI je oscil\u00e1tor, kter\u00fd m\u011b\u0159\u00ed rychlost a zm\u011bnu cenov\u00fdch pohyb\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Obchodn\u00ed pravidla:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Pokud <strong>RSI p\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed hodnotu 70<\/strong>, trh je p\u0159ekoupen\u00fd a hled\u00e1me p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost k otev\u0159en\u00ed <strong>short<\/strong> pozice.<\/li>\n<li>Pokud <strong>RSI klesne pod hodnotu 30<\/strong>, trh je p\u0159eprodan\u00fd a hled\u00e1me p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost k otev\u0159en\u00ed <strong>long<\/strong> pozice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Indik\u00e1tor \u010d. 2: Klouzav\u00e9 pr\u016fm\u011bry<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Kombinace dvou klouzav\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f (nap\u0159. 20denn\u00ed a 50denn\u00ed) slou\u017e\u00ed k identifikaci trendu. V na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edkladu jsme vyu\u017eili Hull MA, kter\u00fd je mezi obchodn\u00edky obl\u00edben\u00fd kv\u016fli tomu, \u017ee je mnohem &#8222;rychlej\u0161\u00ed&#8220; ne\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00fd jednoduch\u00fd klouzav\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br (SMA). T\u00edm dok\u00e1\u017ee l\u00e9pe eliminovat zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed, co\u017e je jedna z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch negativn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed SMA.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Obchodn\u00ed pravidla:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Pokud <strong>HMA(20) protne HMA(50) sm\u011brem nahoru<\/strong>, jedn\u00e1 se o sign\u00e1l k otev\u0159en\u00ed <strong>long<\/strong> pozice.<\/li>\n<li>Pokud <strong>HMA(<\/strong><strong>20) protne HMA(50) sm\u011brem dol\u016f<\/strong>, jedn\u00e1 se o sign\u00e1l k otev\u0159en\u00ed <strong>short<\/strong> pozice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Pravidla kombinace indik\u00e1tor\u016f<\/h2>\n<h3>Kombinace pravidel RSI a HMA<\/h3>\n<p>Obchod otev\u0159eme pouze tehdy, pokud se sign\u00e1ly obou indik\u00e1tor\u016f shoduj\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>RSI signalizuje p\u0159ekoupen\u00fd\/p\u0159eprodan\u00fd stav a opou\u0161t\u00ed z\u00f3nu.<\/li>\n<li>Klouzav\u00e9 pr\u016fm\u011bry potvrzuj\u00ed trend sm\u011brem dan\u00fdm RSI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>RSI je pod \u00farovn\u00ed 30 (trh je p\u0159eprodan\u00fd) a HMA(20) se dostane nad HMA(50) = <strong>long pozice.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>RSI je nad \u00farovn\u00ed 70 (trh je p\u0159ekoupen\u00fd) a HMA(20) se dostane pod HMA(50) = <strong>short pozice.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u010casov\u00fd r\u00e1mec<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Doporu\u010den\u00fdmi \u010dasov\u00fdmi r\u00e1mci jsou <strong>H1 nebo H4<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed dostatek sign\u00e1l\u016f, ani\u017e by byly ovlivn\u011bny p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00fdmi v\u00fdkyvy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Zamezen\u00ed fale\u0161n\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Doporu\u010dujeme tuto strategii neobchodovat b\u011bhem v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v nebo makroekonomick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/academy.ftmo.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=banner&amp;utm_campaign=RSI+MA+volatility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-612115 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seeking-trading-education-banner-CZ.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"950\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seeking-trading-education-banner-CZ.jpg 950w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seeking-trading-education-banner-CZ-300x41.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seeking-trading-education-banner-CZ-768x105.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seeking-trading-education-banner-CZ-705x96.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Kompletn\u00ed pravidla strategie<\/h2>\n<h3>Podm\u00ednky pro otev\u0159en\u00ed pozice<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Pozice long<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>RSI se nach\u00e1z\u00ed pod hladinou 30 a opou\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159eprodanou z\u00f3nu.<\/li>\n<li>HMA(20) protne HMA(50) sm\u011brem nahoru.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Pozice short<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>RSI se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nad hladinou 70 a opou\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ekoupenou z\u00f3nu.<\/li>\n<li>HMA(20) protne HMA(50) sm\u011brem dol\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Stop Loss a Take Profit<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>SL:<\/strong> 1,2\u00d7 nebo 1,5\u00d7 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 denn\u00ed volatilita.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TP:<\/strong> Nastaven na dvoun\u00e1sobnou nebo trojn\u00e1sobnou vzd\u00e1lenost SL podle po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho RRR.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Velikost pozice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vypo\u010dtena na z\u00e1klad\u011b maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho rizika na obchod (nap\u0159. 1 % \u00fa\u010dtu).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Praktick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad<\/h2>\n<h3>Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 pro otev\u0159en\u00ed long pozice<\/h3>\n<p><strong>RSI klesne pod 30 a pot\u00e9 vystoup\u00ed zp\u011bt nad 30<\/strong> (signalizace p\u0159eprodan\u00e9ho trhu). Na obr\u00e1zku n\u00ed\u017ee vid\u00edme, \u017ee po dosa\u017een\u00ed minima na cenov\u00e9m grafu kleslo RSI pod hodnotu 30 a pak se zase vr\u00e1tilo nad n\u00ed. Pot\u00e9 si po\u010dk\u00e1me na potvrzen\u00ed sign\u00e1lu na cenov\u00e9m grafu pomoc\u00ed klouzav\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>HMA(20) protne HMA(50) sm\u011brem nahor<\/strong>u (potvrzen\u00ed rostouc\u00edho trendu). O n\u011bkolik sv\u00ed\u010dek pozd\u011bji p\u0159etnul 20 HMA del\u0161\u00ed 50 HMA sm\u011brem nahoru, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 potvrzen\u00ed trendu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Indik\u00e1tor sm\u011brodatn\u00e9 odchylky<\/strong> (Standard Deviation) n\u00e1m ukazuje, \u017ee volatilita za posledn\u00edch 60 dn\u00ed se pohybuje velmi bl\u00edzko hodnoty 60 a podle toho se tedy bude odv\u00edjet i Stop Loss. V grafu tak vid\u00edme jak vstupn\u00ed cenu, tak i hladiny SL a TP.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Enter-FTMO.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-648771 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Enter-FTMO.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1440\" height=\"682\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Enter-FTMO.png 1440w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Enter-FTMO-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Enter-FTMO-1030x488.png 1030w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Enter-FTMO-768x364.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Vstupy<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Instrument:<\/strong> EUR\/USD<\/li>\n<li><strong>60denn\u00ed volatilita:<\/strong> 60 pip\u016f<\/li>\n<li><strong>SL:<\/strong> 72 pip\u016f (1,2 x 60denn\u00ed volatilita)<\/li>\n<li><strong>TP:<\/strong> 144 pip\u016f (RRR 2:1)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u010casov\u00fd r\u00e1mec:<\/strong> H4<\/li>\n<li><strong>Velikost \u00fa\u010dtu:<\/strong> 100 000 USD<\/li>\n<li><strong>Riziko na obchod:<\/strong> 1 % (1 000 USD)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>V\u00fdpo\u010det velikosti pozice<\/h3>\n<p>Pro v\u00fdpo\u010det velikosti pozice m\u016f\u017eeme vyu\u017e\u00edt na\u0161i <a href=\"https:\/\/trader.ftmo.com\/calculator\/position-size\">kalkula\u010dku velikosti pozice<\/a>, kterou najdete v\u00a0Klientsk\u00e9 sekci v\u00a0panelu N\u00e1stroje &amp; slu\u017eby. Po zad\u00e1n\u00ed parametr\u016f (symbol \u2013 EURUSD; Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed ztr\u00e1ta \u2013 1\u00a0000 USD; Vstupn\u00ed cena \u2013 1,02760; Stop Loss \u2013 1,02040) tak vyjde velikost pozice 1,39 lotu.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Exit-FTMO.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-648790 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Exit-FTMO.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1438\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Exit-FTMO.png 1438w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Exit-FTMO-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Exit-FTMO-1030x489.png 1030w, https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RSI-HMA-EURUSD-Exit-FTMO-768x365.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1438px) 100vw, 1438px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Po vstupu do pozice se cena m\u011bnov\u00e9ho p\u00e1ru vydala sm\u011brem nahoru a po men\u0161\u00edm swingu nakonec dos\u00e1hla na hodnotu nastavenou jako Take Profit (v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b to byla hodnota 1,04200) a obchod by tak mohl skon\u010dit v zisku. Je pot\u0159eba upozornit, \u017ee podobn\u011b jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch strategi\u00ed, je pot\u0159eba ji p\u0159ed nasazen\u00edm na re\u00e1ln\u00e9 trhy prov\u011b\u0159it <a href=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/en\/which-are-the-worst-backtesting-mistakes\/\">d\u016fsledn\u00fdm backtestingem<\/a> na historick\u00fdch datech. Obchodujte bezpe\u010dn\u011b!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/trader.ftmo.com\/start-challenge?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=banner&amp;utm_campaign=RSI+MA+volatility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-608671 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Start-Challenge-blue-CZ.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"950\" height=\"130\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Ve\u0161ker\u00e9 informace uveden\u00e9 na t\u011bchto str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch jsou ur\u010deny v\u00fdhradn\u011b pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s obchodov\u00e1n\u00edm na finan\u010dn\u00edch trz\u00edch a v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b neslou\u017e\u00ed jako konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed investi\u010dn\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed, obchodn\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed, anal\u00fdza investi\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed nebo podobn\u00e9 obecn\u00e9 doporu\u010den\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s investi\u010dn\u00edmi n\u00e1stroji. FTMO poskytuje pouze slu\u017eby simulovan\u00e9ho obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed a vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1stroje pro obchodn\u00edky. Informace na t\u011bchto str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch nejsou ur\u010deny obyvatel\u016fm \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zem\u011b nebo jurisdikce, kde by jejich \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nebo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bylo v rozporu s m\u00edstn\u00edmi z\u00e1kony nebo regulacemi. Spole\u010dnosti FTMO nep\u016fsob\u00ed jako makl\u00e9\u0159 a nep\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 vklady. Nab\u00edzen\u00e9 technick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed platforem a datov\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f FTMO je zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1no poskytovateli likvidity.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed na trz\u00edch vy\u017eaduje nejen schopnost spr\u00e1vn\u011b analyzovat tr\u017en\u00ed situaci, ale tak\u00e9 pevn\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed rizika. Strategie, kterou si dnes pop\u00ed\u0161eme, kombinuje dva kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy: vyu\u017eit\u00ed historick\u00e9 volatility v pipech a technick\u00e9 indik\u00e1tory pro ur\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru trhu, co\u017e obchodn\u00edk\u016fm umo\u017e\u0148uje efektivn\u011b spravovat riziko a zvy\u0161ovat pravd\u011bpodobnost \u00fasp\u011bchu. Z\u00e1kladem strategie je p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed Stop Lossu (SL) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":648893,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[88911],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-648730","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-obchodni-systemy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.2 (Yoast SEO v25.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Efektivn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed rizika s vyu\u017eit\u00edm volatility a technick\u00fdch indik\u00e1tor\u016f | FTMO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/cs\/efektivni-rizeni-rizika-s-vyuzitim-volatility-a-technickych-indikatoru\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Efektivn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed rizika s vyu\u017eit\u00edm volatility a technick\u00fdch indik\u00e1tor\u016f\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed na trz\u00edch vy\u017eaduje nejen schopnost spr\u00e1vn\u011b analyzovat tr\u017en\u00ed situaci, ale tak\u00e9 pevn\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed rizika. Strategie, kterou si dnes pop\u00ed\u0161eme, kombinuje dva kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy: vyu\u017eit\u00ed historick\u00e9 volatility v pipech a technick\u00e9 indik\u00e1tory pro ur\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru trhu, co\u017e obchodn\u00edk\u016fm umo\u017e\u0148uje efektivn\u011b spravovat riziko a zvy\u0161ovat pravd\u011bpodobnost \u00fasp\u011bchu. 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