{"id":546533,"date":"2023-02-24T11:09:12","date_gmt":"2023-02-24T10:09:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/?p=546533"},"modified":"2023-06-22T11:34:30","modified_gmt":"2023-06-22T09:34:30","slug":"co-je-marze-a-proc-je-dulezite-o-ni-neco-vedet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/cs\/co-je-marze-a-proc-je-dulezite-o-ni-neco-vedet\/","title":{"rendered":"Co je mar\u017ee a pro\u010d je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 o n\u00ed n\u011bco v\u011bd\u011bt?"},"content":{"rendered":"
Ka\u017ed\u00fd trader, kter\u00fd chce obchodovat na forexu, by m\u011bl v\u011bd\u011bt v\u00fdznam slova mar\u017ee, resp. obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed na mar\u017ei. Bez vyu\u017eit\u00ed mar\u017ee a p\u00e1kov\u00e9ho efektu toti\u017e p\u0159i obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed forexu nebudete schopni otev\u0159\u00edt prakticky \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd obchod.<\/em><\/p>\n Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee na forexov\u00e9m trhu se obchoduje ve velk\u00fdch objemech, b\u011b\u017en\u00fd retailov\u00fd investor\/obchodn\u00edk by si to nemohl dovolit. D\u00edky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mar\u017ee a p\u00e1kov\u00e9ho efektu v\u0161ak dnes m\u016f\u017ee na forexu obchodovat prakticky ka\u017ed\u00fd (mar\u017ei a p\u00e1ku lze vyu\u017e\u00edvat i na jin\u00fdch trz\u00edch, ale my budeme ps\u00e1t o tom, jak to funguje u forexov\u00fdch broker\u016f, resp. prop tradingov\u00fdch firem, jakou je i FTMO).<\/p>\n Mar\u017ee je zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno vklad nebo z\u00e1loha u brokera\/firmy, u n\u00ed\u017e m\u00e1me otev\u0159en \u00fa\u010det, abychom mohli otev\u00edrat pozice na m\u011bnov\u00fdch p\u00e1rech (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jin\u00fdch instrumentech, kter\u00e9 firma nab\u00edz\u00ed) a z\u00e1rove\u0148 slou\u017e\u00ed ke kryt\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t. Nen\u00ed to forma poplatku, jsou to pen\u00edze, kter\u00e9 si firma zablokuje, kdy\u017e otev\u00edr\u00e1me novou pozici. Zbytek pen\u011bz pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch k\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00ed pozice se obstar\u00e1 broker, resp. poskytovatel\u00e9 likvidity, o nich\u017e jsme psali v\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/a>.<\/p>\n Tomuto procesu, kdy investujeme jen \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00fdch pen\u011bz, se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0p\u00e1kou a umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1m to otev\u00edrat mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozice, ne\u017e bychom si b\u011b\u017en\u011b mohli dovolit. Lze tak dosahovat pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fdch zisk\u016f i p\u0159i relativn\u011b mal\u00fdch pohybech na trz\u00edch. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je nutn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtat s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee stejn\u011b vysok\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt i ztr\u00e1ty. Proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159i obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed na p\u00e1ku myslet na spr\u00e1vn\u00fd money management a risk management.<\/p>\n To, jakou sumu si firma p\u0159i otev\u0159en\u00ed zablokuje, z\u00e1vis\u00ed od mar\u017eov\u00e9ho po\u017eadavku dan\u00e9 firmy\/brokera. Po\u017eadovan\u00e1 (tak\u00e9 vstupn\u00ed, nebo po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed) mar\u017ee\u00a0 se vyjad\u0159uje v procentech, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed na\u0161e prost\u0159edky z celkov\u00e9 sumy p\u0159i otev\u0159en\u00ed pozice.<\/p>\n Kdy\u017e je po\u017eadovan\u00e1 mar\u017ee 1 %, p\u0159i otev\u0159en\u00ed pozice o velikosti 1 lotu na p\u00e1ru USDJPY (na forexu je to 100 000 USD) se n\u00e1m zablokuje na \u00fa\u010dtu 1 000 USD. Na sv\u00e9m \u00fa\u010dtu bychom teoreticky m\u011bli m\u00edt minim\u00e1ln\u011b t\u011bchto 1 000 USD. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tedy jde o p\u00e1ku 1:100. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 upozornit, \u017ee u r\u016fzn\u00fdch firem se po\u017eadovan\u00e9 mar\u017ee (a tedy i p\u00e1ka) r\u016fzn\u00ed a odli\u0161n\u00e9 mar\u017eov\u00e9 po\u017eadavky jsou tak\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00e9 firmy u r\u016fzn\u00fdch investi\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f. Jak je to u FTMO, se m\u016f\u017eete pod\u00edvat zde<\/a>.<\/p>\n Kdy\u017e otev\u00edr\u00e1me dal\u0161\u00ed pozice, s\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00fdm nov\u00fdm obchodem se n\u00e1m zablokuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159edky na \u00fa\u010dtu. Sou\u010det v\u0161ech t\u011bchto prost\u0159edk\u016f se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 pou\u017eit\u00e1, nebo celkov\u00e1 mar\u017ee. Zbytek prost\u0159edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1me k\u00a0dispozici a v\u00a0dan\u00e9 chv\u00edli je nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me, se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 dostupn\u00e1, nebo tak\u00e9 voln\u00e1 mar\u017ee. Jde tedy o majetek (z\u016fstatek, zm\u011bn\u011bn o zisk nebo ztr\u00e1tu z\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u011b otev\u0159en\u00fdch pozic) na \u00fa\u010dtu zmen\u0161en o pou\u017eitou mar\u017ei.<\/p>\n V\u00a0obchodn\u00ed platform\u011b je\u0161t\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme naj\u00edt \u010d\u00edslo vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9 v\u00a0procentech pod n\u00e1zvem v\u00fd\u0161ka mar\u017ee. Ta vyjad\u0159uje pom\u011br mezi majetkem a pou\u017eitou mar\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0procentech. Pokud tedy m\u00e1me na \u00fa\u010dtu majetek 44\u00a0000 USD a pou\u017eit\u00e1 mar\u017ee je 1\u00a0500 USD, v\u00fd\u0161ka mar\u017ee p\u0159edstavuje 2\u00a0933 %.<\/p>\n P\u0159i obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed na forexu je v\u00fd\u0161ka mar\u017ee nad \u00farovn\u00ed 100 % pova\u017eov\u00e1na za bezpe\u010dnou. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee objem majetku na na\u0161em \u00fa\u010dtu je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e jsou prost\u0159edky pou\u017eit\u00e9 na obchody. Tato \u00farove\u0148 je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee jde v\u011bt\u0161inou o \u00farove\u0148 naz\u00fdvanou jako margin call.<\/p>\n Kdy\u017e otev\u0159eme p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho velk\u00fdch pozic, nebo se na\u0161e otev\u0159en\u00e9 obchody dostanou do velk\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t, m\u016f\u017ee na\u0161e v\u00fd\u0161ka mar\u017ee v\u00fdrazn\u011b klesnout. Kdy\u017e dos\u00e1hne ur\u010ditou \u00farove\u0148, dostaneme tzv. margin call (v\u00fdzvu), co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 majetek klesl pod \u00farove\u0148 pou\u017eit\u00e9 mar\u017ee a prost\u0159edky na \u00fa\u010dtu nejsou dostate\u010dn\u00e9 vzhledem k\u00a0po\u017eadovan\u00e9 mar\u017ei. V\u00a0t\u00e9to chv\u00edli nem\u016f\u017eeme otev\u00edrat dal\u0161\u00ed pozice a m\u011bli bychom za\u010d\u00edt uzav\u00edrat sv\u00e9 otev\u0159en\u00e9 pozice (p\u0159i margin callu nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0automatick\u00e9mu uzav\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed pozic), nebo bychom m\u011bli doplnit prost\u0159edky na sv\u00e9m \u00fa\u010dtu.<\/p>\n Kdy\u017e se n\u00e1m nad\u00e1le neda\u0159\u00ed a v\u00fd\u0161ka mar\u017ee kv\u016fli nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm na trz\u00edch st\u00e1le kles\u00e1, m\u016f\u017eeme se dostat a\u017e na \u00farove\u0148 naz\u00fdvanou stop out. Tuto \u00farove\u0148 m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd broker\/firma nastavenou jinak. Kdy\u017e je ale tato \u00farove\u0148 nap\u0159\u00edklad 50%, tak kdy\u017e dos\u00e1hne v\u00fd\u0161ka mar\u017ee 50 %, za\u010dne n\u00e1m broker uzav\u00edrat otev\u0159en\u00e9 pozice. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee uzav\u0159en\u00ed jednoho obchodu m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky mar\u017ee nad 50 %, uzav\u00edraj\u00ed se nejd\u0159\u00edve obchody s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi ztr\u00e1tami.<\/p>\n Jak ji\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0p\u00e1kou a vyu\u017eit\u00edm mar\u017ee m\u016f\u017ee znamenat rychl\u00e9 zisky, ale tak\u00e9 rychl\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Abychom se vyhnuli situac\u00edm, jako jsou margin call a stop out, m\u011bli bychom db\u00e1t na dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pravidel money managementu a risk managementu. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Stop Loss\u016f, otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed rozumn\u011b velk\u00fdch pozic, nebo omezen\u00ed obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0\u010dase vyhla\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee se s\u00a0pojmy jako margin call a stop out v\u00a0re\u00e1lu nakonec nikdy nepotk\u00e1me.<\/p>\n FTMO jako prop tradingov\u00e1 firma nab\u00edz\u00ed obchodn\u00edk\u016fm nejenom mo\u017enost vyu\u017e\u00edvat p\u00e1kov\u00e9ho efektu, ale tak\u00e9 mo\u017enost otev\u0159\u00edt si dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fd obchodn\u00ed \u00fa\u010det jen za velmi n\u00edzk\u00fd poplatek<\/a>.<\/p>\nCo je mar\u017ee<\/h2>\n
Po\u017eadovan\u00e1 mar\u017ee<\/h2>\n
Pou\u017eit\u00e1 a voln\u00e1 mar\u017ee<\/h2>\n
V\u00fd\u0161ka mar\u017ee<\/h2>\n
Margin call<\/h2>\n
Stop out<\/h2>\n
FTMO Kalkula\u010dka mar\u017ee<\/h2>\n