{"id":408789,"date":"2020-10-02T08:34:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-02T06:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/?p=408789"},"modified":"2024-11-01T11:12:17","modified_gmt":"2024-11-01T10:12:17","slug":"systemy-zalozene-na-principu-martingale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/cs\/systemy-zalozene-na-principu-martingale\/","title":{"rendered":"Syst\u00e9my zalo\u017een\u00e9 na principu Martingale"},"content":{"rendered":"

V tomto experimentu se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na zoubek obchodn\u00edm syst\u00e9m\u016fm, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed principu Martingale. Ten ve\u0161el ve zn\u00e1most uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i s\u00e1zen\u00ed, jeho principy v r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch ale vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i mnoho obchodn\u00edk\u016f na finan\u010dn\u00edch trz\u00edch. A nejen to. Principy Martingale b\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010dasto sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prod\u00e1van\u00fdch automatick\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Takov\u00fdch, co maj\u00ed poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 k\u0159ivky. Zakopan\u00fd pes b\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou v ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00e9m riziku, kter\u00e9 je v k\u0159ivce z\u016fstatku skryto a d\u0159\u00edve nebo pozd\u011bji se projev\u00ed v podob\u011b vymaz\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu. V tomto experimentu se pod\u00edv\u00e1me, kde je ono riziko a jestli se vyplat\u00ed tr\u00e1vit s t\u011bmito syst\u00e9my v\u016fbec n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nejd\u0159\u00edve je pot\u0159eba ujasnit si, co to ten Martingale v\u016fbec je. Pokud u\u017e tento syst\u00e9m zn\u00e1te, m\u016f\u017eete rovnou p\u0159esko\u010dit na kapitolu o testov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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P\u0159edstavme si klasickou ruletu a s\u00e1zen\u00ed na barvu. V\u00fdsledkem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jen \u010dern\u00e1 nebo \u010derven\u00e1. Pokud je s ruletou v\u0161echno v po\u0159\u00e1dku, pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee padne \u010derven\u00e1, je stejn\u00e1 jako pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee padne \u010dern\u00e1, tedy 50 %. Dejme tomu, \u017ee hr\u00e1\u010d vsad\u00ed na \u010dervenou 10 USD. Pokud \u010derven\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u011b v prvn\u00edm kole padne, vr\u00e1t\u00ed se mu vklad a vyhraje nav\u00edc 10 USD. Pokud se ale netref\u00ed a padne \u010dern\u00e1, ve druh\u00e9m kole vlo\u017e\u00ed dvojn\u00e1sobek vkladu, tedy 20 USD. Pokud tentokr\u00e1t vyhraje, vr\u00e1t\u00ed se mu 20 USD vkladu. Z v\u00fdhry t\u00edm p\u00e1dem pokryje prvn\u00ed s\u00e1zku 10 USD a realizuje zisk 10 USD nav\u00edc. Pokud neusp\u011bje, v dal\u0161\u00edm kole vsad\u00ed 40 USD a tak d\u00e1le. Princip tkv\u00ed tedy ve zdvojn\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vklad\u016f v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prohran\u00e9 s\u00e1zky s t\u00edm, \u017ee hr\u00e1\u010d o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee d\u0159\u00edve nebo pozd\u011bji jeho barva padne a realizuje zisk 10 USD nez\u00e1visle na po\u010dtu zato\u010den\u00ed rulety. Pokud by m\u011bl hr\u00e1\u010d neomezen\u00fd kapit\u00e1l a neomezen\u00fd po\u010det kol, pak bude realizovat nekone\u010dn\u00fd bezrizikov\u00fd zisk. Probl\u00e9m je ale pr\u00e1v\u011b ve v\u00fd\u0161i kapit\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd nekone\u010dn\u00fd b\u00fdt nem\u016f\u017ee, a nav\u00edc nen\u00ed na prvn\u00ed pohled z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee pot\u0159ebn\u00fd kapit\u00e1l, aby hr\u00e1\u010d ust\u00e1l dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed kol, je mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e velikost vkladu. Pro ilustraci shr\u0148me princip a rychlost navy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed vklad\u016f v tabulce:<\/p>\n

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Tabulka p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 kapit\u00e1l 10 000 USD a velikost po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho vkladu 10 USD. I kdy\u017e m\u00e1me k dispozici tis\u00edcin\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed kapit\u00e1l, ne\u017e je velikost prvn\u00ed s\u00e1zky, a tedy i o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00fdhry, m\u016f\u017eeme o n\u011bj p\u0159ij\u00edt velice rychle. Jak je vid\u011bt v tabulce, sta\u010d\u00ed, aby 9x za sebou padla \u0161patn\u00e1 barva a hr\u00e1\u010d ji\u017e nem\u00e1 dost kapit\u00e1lu na dal\u0161\u00ed s\u00e1zku.<\/p>\n

Jsou ov\u0161em zpr\u00e1vy o ne tak v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy padne stejn\u00e1 barva v\u00edce ne\u017e 30x nebo 40x za sebou. Pro p\u0159edstavu, aby mohl hr\u00e1\u010d s\u00e1zet je\u0161t\u011b po 30. kole s po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm vkladem 10 USD, musel by m\u00edt k dispozici kapit\u00e1l nejm\u00e9n\u011b 10 737 418 230 USD. To u\u017e je suma, kterou m\u00e1 k dispozici m\u00e1lokdo.<\/p>\n

V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm grafu je zobrazen pr\u016fb\u011bh velikosti s\u00e1zky a v\u00fd\u0161e kapit\u00e1lu pro po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed kapit\u00e1l 1 000 000 USD p\u0159i s\u00e1zce 10 USD. V grafick\u00e9 podob\u011b je tak vid\u011bt, jak v\u00fd\u0161e s\u00e1zky roste st\u00e1le rychlej\u0161\u00edm tempem, stejn\u011b jako se zrychluje tempo poklesu kapit\u00e1lu. Po ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m 16. kole se hr\u00e1\u010d ji\u017e dostane do m\u00ednusu.<\/p>\n

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Stejn\u00fd princip se pokou\u0161ej\u00ed obchodn\u00edci aplikovat i na finan\u010dn\u00ed trhy. M\u00edsto \u010derven\u00e9 a \u010dern\u00e9 se jen vs\u00e1z\u00ed na vzestup nebo pokles. Nebudeme se zde zab\u00fdvat d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d obchodn\u00edk vstoup\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku long nebo short, podstatn\u00e9 je, \u017ee pokud jde trh proti n\u011bmu, po ur\u010dit\u00e9 cenov\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b otev\u0159e novou pozici ve stejn\u00e9m sm\u011bru, av\u0161ak ve dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9m nebo obecn\u011b x-n\u00e1sobn\u00e9m objemu. Takto postupuje v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje st\u00e1le d\u00e1l a spol\u00e9h\u00e1 na to, \u017ee trh se nikdy nepohybuje p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouho jedn\u00edm sm\u011brem bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed korekce. P\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed korekce potom zajist\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fd zisk.<\/p>\n

Z\u0159ejm\u00fdm rozd\u00edlem oproti klasick\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu Martingale z prost\u0159ed\u00ed rulety je volitelnost v\u00fdplatn\u00edho pom\u011bru \u2013 vzd\u00e1lenosti p\u0159\u00edkazu Take Profit a vzd\u00e1lenosti ceny, na kter\u00e9 se otev\u0159e nov\u00e1 pozice. Stejn\u011b tak je na obchodn\u00edkovi, co se bude d\u00edt s v\u00fdstupn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edkazy v pr\u016fb\u011bhu trv\u00e1n\u00ed pozic, co\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed prostor na mnoho variant syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdstupn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz Stop Loss v tomto syst\u00e9mu obvykle \u00fapln\u011b chyb\u00ed, co\u017e je z podstaty syst\u00e9mu logick\u00e9. M\u00edsto toho jsou p\u0159edem p\u0159ipraveny body otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch, \u0159ed\u00edc\u00edch pozic pomoc\u00ed limitn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f.<\/p>\n

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Stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b rulety, kde je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem strm\u011b rostouc\u00ed riziko v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u0161patn\u00fdch s\u00e1zek, plat\u00ed i na trhu, \u017ee to, co je zd\u00e1nliv\u011b nemo\u017en\u00e9 nebo m\u00e1lo pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, se d\u0159\u00edve nebo pozd\u011bji stane a bude m\u00edt fat\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fsledky pro obchodn\u00ed \u00fa\u010det. Do t\u00e9 doby syst\u00e9m konzistentn\u011b prosperuje. Jakmile se ale napln\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159, v\u00fdsledkem je margin call a smaz\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti nebo cel\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstaven\u00ed syst\u00e9mu<\/h2>\n

Pro otestov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed money managementu vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edho Martingale se pokus\u00edme vytvo\u0159it automatick\u00fd obchodn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd jej bude p\u0159ipom\u00ednat co nejv\u011brn\u011bji. Bude to „nah\u00fd“ syst\u00e9m osekan\u00fd o ve\u0161ker\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed vlivy. Nebude z\u00e1viset na vstupn\u00ed my\u0161lence, money management bude stejn\u00fd pro v\u0161echny pozice a v\u00fdsledek ka\u017ed\u00e9ho cyklu bude stejn\u00fd, stejn\u011b jako v rulet\u011b.<\/p>\n

V bodech testovan\u00fd algoritmus funguje takto:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Prvn\u00ed vstup okam\u017eit\u011b po spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed syst\u00e9mu o objemu X v n\u00e1hodn\u00e9m sm\u011bru s pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed 50:50 long nebo short.<\/li>\n
  2. Ihned nastaven fixn\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz Take Profit, p\u0159\u00edkaz Stop Loss nen\u00ed nastaven.<\/li>\n
  3. Pokud se pozice dostane do z\u00e1porn\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku o stejn\u00e9 hodnot\u011b jako je v\u00fdsledek ve vzd\u00e1lenosti Take Profitu, je otev\u0159ena dal\u0161\u00ed pozice stejn\u00e9ho typu s objemem tak, aby postupn\u011b otev\u00edran\u00e9 pozice spl\u0148ovaly n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed objemovou \u0159adu: X, X, 2X, 4X, 8X,\u2026<\/li>\n
  4. Take Profity v\u0161ech pozic jsou v\u017edy nastaveny dle Take Profitu posledn\u00ed pozice.<\/li>\n
  5. Pokud jsou Take Profity vypln\u011bny, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 nov\u00fd cyklus od bodu 1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Objemy ve tvaru X, X, 2X, 4X, 8X jsou zvoleny z toho d\u016fvodu, aby sou\u010det objem\u016f v\u0161ech pozic byl stejn\u00fd jako objem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pozice. T\u00edm je zaji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd cyklus skon\u010d\u00ed stejn\u00fdm profitem bez ohledu na to, kolik pozic se p\u0159ed profitem otev\u0159e.<\/p>\n

    Testov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n

    Testov\u00e1n\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u00edme na nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejvolatiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch instrumentech ve sv\u00e9 kategorii, a to na m\u011bnov\u00e9m p\u00e1ru EUR\/USD, akciov\u00e9m indexu DAX a komodit\u011b ropa, aby byly zahrnuty t\u0159i odli\u0161n\u00e9 typy trh\u016f. Testy prov\u00e1d\u00edme na obdob\u00ed 1.1.2016 \u2013 31.12.2016 na vzorku tickov\u00fdch dat s kvalitou 99,9 %. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost Take Profitu bude vych\u00e1zet z typick\u00fdch denn\u00edch pohyb\u016f a rozp\u011bt\u00ed. Jeliko\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na n\u00e1hod\u011b, v\u00fdsledky budou i pro toto\u017en\u00e9 parametry p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m testov\u00e1n\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e9, ud\u011bl\u00e1me proto 3 testy pro ka\u017ed\u00fd instrument. V\u00fdsledky testov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edstav\u00edme z prostorov\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f pouze ve form\u011b pr\u016fb\u011bhu equity k\u0159ivky, ze kter\u00e9 si lze ud\u011blat obr\u00e1zek o zhodnocen\u00ed i drawdownu.<\/p>\n

    EURUSD<\/h3>\n

    Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed kapit\u00e1l: 10\u00a0000 USD<\/p>\n

    Objem: 0,01 lotu<\/p>\n

    TP: 100 pips<\/p>\n

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    Tento syst\u00e9m dos\u00e1hl ve v\u0161ech t\u0159ech p\u0159\u00edpadech zhodnocen\u00ed 25 % – 35 %, co\u017e je pom\u011brn\u011b slu\u0161n\u00fd v\u00fdsledek, pro kter\u00fd by se mohlo vyplatit takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edvat. Pro odhad \u00farovn\u011b skryt\u00e9ho rizika ale t\u0159i testy nesta\u010d\u00ed. Ud\u011blejme jich dvacet a do tabulky zapi\u0161me, kdy se cel\u00fd rok 2016 p\u0159e\u017eije a kdy ne:<\/p>\n

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    Z tabulky plyne, \u017ee \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost t\u0159\u00ed test\u016f po sob\u011b nen\u00ed zase tak v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e1 situace. 7 z 20 test\u016f skon\u010dilo b\u011bhem roku 2016 krachem. Nejd\u0159\u00edve k tomu do\u0161lo ji\u017e v b\u0159eznu, nejpozd\u011bji a nej\u010dast\u011bji se to stalo v listopadu. Z t\u00e9to tabulky lze tedy usuzovat, \u017ee pravd\u011bpodobnost krachu b\u011bhem roku 2016 by byla kolem 35 %. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 zhodnocen\u00ed p\u0159i \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m roku \u010din\u00ed 34 %, v absolutn\u00ed hodnot\u011b 3 400 USD. Dle vzorce pro v\u00fdpo\u010det o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 hodnoty zjist\u00edme, \u017ee o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e1 hodnota p\u0159i aplikov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto zp\u016fsobu na rok 2016 za zadan\u00fdch parametr\u016f \u010din\u00ed: 0,65 * 3400 – 0,35 * 10 000, tedy -12 %. A\u010dkoliv se tak na prvn\u00ed pohled m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t, \u017ee syst\u00e9m m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l dlouhodob\u00e9ho zisku, po del\u0161\u00ed s\u00e9rii test\u016f je vid\u011bt, \u017ee tomu tak alespo\u0148 pro rok 2016 nen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

    Bylo jasn\u011b uk\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee tento syst\u00e9m je schopen tvo\u0159it stabiln\u00ed a pom\u011brn\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9 zisky, kter\u00e9 jsou ale vykoupeny zna\u010dn\u00fdm rizikem. Toto riziko je na historick\u00fdch v\u00fdsledc\u00edch skryto, proto jsou tyto syst\u00e9my p\u0159edm\u011btem prezentace a prodeje, ale jsou p\u0159edm\u011btem pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed i b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch obchodn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed si riziko spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0touto technikou neuv\u011bdomuj\u00ed a v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee trh \u201enem\u016f\u017ee stoupat\/klesat donekone\u010dna bez korekce\u201c. To je bezpochyby pravda, ale stejn\u011b jako na rulet\u011b i v\u00a0trz\u00edch se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situace, se kter\u00fdmi m\u00e1lokdo po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1. To jsou pr\u00e1v\u011b ty situace, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed smaz\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu.<\/p>\n

    Velikost pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 korekce zjevn\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na nastaven\u00ed parametru TP. Pokud jej stanov\u00edme na 10 pips, pro profit je t\u0159eba, aby trh vykonal zp\u011btn\u00fd pohyb nejm\u00e9n\u011b 10 a nejv\u00edce 20 pips, abychom m\u011bli jistotu profitu. P\u0159izp\u016fsobov\u00e1n\u00ed parametr\u016f TP, po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu a po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho objemu pak ovliv\u0148uje pravd\u011bpodobnou v\u00fddr\u017e syst\u00e9mu do krachu a zhodnocen\u00ed. Obecn\u011b samoz\u0159ejm\u011b plat\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vztah \u201e\u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed riziko, t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zhodnocen\u00ed\u201c. Riziko krachu lze maximalizac\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 eliminovat, potom ale bude syst\u00e9m dosahovat natolik n\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdnosu, \u017ee se nevyplat\u00ed kv\u016fli n\u011bmu obchodovat. Naopak pokud chceme vysok\u00fd v\u00fdnos, je na m\u00edst\u011b obava, \u017ee syst\u00e9m nep\u0159e\u017eije p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouhou dobu a o ve\u0161ker\u00e9 v\u00fdnosy nakonec p\u0159ijdeme.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    V tomto experimentu se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na zoubek obchodn\u00edm syst\u00e9m\u016fm, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed principu Martingale. Ten ve\u0161el ve zn\u00e1most uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i s\u00e1zen\u00ed, jeho principy v r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch ale vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i mnoho obchodn\u00edk\u016f na finan\u010dn\u00edch trz\u00edch. A nejen to. Principy Martingale b\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010dasto sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prod\u00e1van\u00fdch automatick\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Takov\u00fdch, co maj\u00ed poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 k\u0159ivky. Zakopan\u00fd pes b\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":588938,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[88911],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-408789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-obchodni-systemy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSyst\u00e9my zalo\u017een\u00e9 na principu Martingale | FTMO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ftmo.com\/cs\/systemy-zalozene-na-principu-martingale\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Syst\u00e9my zalo\u017een\u00e9 na principu Martingale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V tomto experimentu se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na zoubek obchodn\u00edm syst\u00e9m\u016fm, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed principu Martingale. Ten ve\u0161el ve zn\u00e1most uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i s\u00e1zen\u00ed, jeho principy v r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch ale vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i mnoho obchodn\u00edk\u016f na finan\u010dn\u00edch trz\u00edch. A nejen to. Principy Martingale b\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010dasto sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prod\u00e1van\u00fdch automatick\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Takov\u00fdch, co maj\u00ed poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 k\u0159ivky. 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Ten ve\u0161el ve zn\u00e1most uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i s\u00e1zen\u00ed, jeho principy v r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch ale vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i mnoho obchodn\u00edk\u016f na finan\u010dn\u00edch trz\u00edch. A nejen to. Principy Martingale b\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010dasto sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prod\u00e1van\u00fdch automatick\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Takov\u00fdch, co maj\u00ed poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 k\u0159ivky. 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